DAMARAS and DAKKANI

DAMARAS.

Kashmiri landowners of the 10th century who were in the position of feudal local magnates wielding considerable military clout. They were used by the rulers to control the Tantrin soldiery, who had become very powerful after the deposition of Queen Sugandha n 914.

DAKKANI.

A form of Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu) carrying the traces of

North Indian dialects like Punjabi, Khari-boli, and Braj. It developed in the urban centers of the Deccan controlled by the Bahmanis and successor sultanates. Most of the surviving Dakkani texts are written in Persian script. The earliest of them, M‘araj al-‘ashiqin (Ascent to Heaven of Devotees), is ascribed to Saiyid Muhammad Gesudaraz

(d.1422).

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MEDIEVAL INDIA-CHRONOLOGY

MEDIEVAL INDIA-CHRONOLOGY

1001 Mahmud of Ghazni defeated Jaipal Shahi, originally of Kabul.

1002 Ganda, the Chandella ruler of Jejakabhukti, came to the throne.

1003 Didda, queen and virtual ruler of Kashmir, died.

1009 Mahmud defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler.

1010 Mahmud occupied Multan and massacred Karmathians there.

1011 Mahmud raided Thanesar.

1013 Mahmud captured the Hindu Shahi stronghold Nandana.

1014 Chola ruler Rajaraja I died.

1015 Mahmud invaded Kashmir.

1018 Mahmud raided Mathura and Kanauj; Pratihara ruler Rajapala

submitted to Mahmud.

1019 Mahmud raided Kalinjar.

1021 Rajendra Chola I extended his sway up to Gangese in Bengal.

Samantasena rose to prominence in Bengal.

1022 Mahmud again invaded Kalinjar.

1025 Rajendra Chola led an expedition against Shrivijaya in Southeast

Asia. Demolition of Somnath temple by Mahmud of Ghazni.

1030 Death of Mahmud of Ghazni.

1031 Accession of Mas‘ud in the Ghaznavid Empire. Bhimadeva

Chaulukya of Gujarat wrested Mt. Abu from the Paramaras.

1036 Majdud, son of Sultan Mas‘ud, the Ghaznavid ruler, appointed

to Lahore.

1038 Mas‘ud captured Hansi.

1042 Mas‘ud, the Ghaznavid ruler, assassinated.

1044 Chola ruler Rajendra I died.

1048 Abu Rehan Alberuni died. Ghaznavid ruler Ma‘udud died.

1060 Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Shah died. Paramara ruler Raja Bhoj

defeated by an alliance of Lata, Chedis, and Chaulukyas.

1064 Karna succeeded Bhimadeva Chaulukya in Gujarat.

1070 Kulottunga I ascended the throne in the Chola Empire.

1085 Gahadavala ruler Chandradeva came to rule at Benaras.

1090 Chandella ruler Kirttivarman repulsed an attack on Kalinjar by

the Ghaznavid governor of the Punjab.

1094 Karna succeeded by Jayasimha (entitled Siddharaja) in the

Chaulukya kingdom of Gujarat.

1095 Vijayasena’s accession in Bengal.

1100 The Kashmiri chronicler Kalhana born.

1112 Govindchandra Gahadavala came to the throne at Kanauj.

1118 Kulottunga I succeeded by Vikrama in the Chola Empire.

1137 Ramanuja died.

1145 Kumarapala ascended throne in the Chaulukya kingdom of Gujarat.

c. 1150 Prithviraja Chahamana II forced the Tomaras of Delhi to acknowledge

his overlordship.

1162 Vallalasena occupied Gaud in Bengal.

1164 Kumarapala Chaulukya of Gujarat converted to Jainism.

1167 Visaladeva Chahamana ousted the Ghaznavids from Hansi.

1169 Prithviraja Chahamana III defeated Chandellas of Jejakabhukti.

Vallalasena, ruler of Bengal, completed his book Danasara.

1173 Jaichandra ascended the throne in the Gahadavala kingdom of

Kanauj.

1175 Lakshmanasena succeeded to the throne in Bengal.

1178 Chaulukyas of Gujarat defeated Muhammad Ghauri near Mt. Abu.

1183–1192 Lakshmanasena extended his territory up to Boddh-Gaya.

1186 Last Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Shah, expelled from Lahore by

Muhammad Ghauri.

1191 Prithviraja Chahamana III defeated Muhammad Ghauri at Tarain.

1192 Prithviraja Chahamana III defeated and killed at Tarain.

1193 Gahadavala ruler Jaichandra defeated and killed by Muhammad

Ghauri at Chanwar. Delhi occupied by the Ghaurids. Historian Minjah

Siraj Juzjani, author of Tabaqat-i Nasari, born.

1197 Qutb al-Din Aibek raided Gujarat, then ruled by Chaulukya ruler

Bhima II. Buddhist monastery at Nalanda destroyed during a raid by

Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji.

1203 Qutb al-Din Aibek conquered Kalinjar. Parmardi Chandella

killed.

1204 Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji occupied Nadia in Bengal.

1206 Muhammad Ghauri assassinated and Qutb al-Din Aibek became

the ruler of Ghaurid territories in India. Last Sena ruler, Lakshmansena,

died.

1210 Qutb al-Din Aibek died at Lahore.

1211 Shams al-Din Iltutmish’s accession as the sultan of Delhi

1216 Taj al-Din Yildiz defeated and killed by Iltutmish.

1221 Chingez Khan’s coming up to the river Indus.

1228 Iltutmish recognized as the sultan of India by the Abbasid

caliph. Annexation of Sind to Delhi sultanate after the suppression of

Nasir al-Din Qubacha.

1231 Jalal al-Din Mingbarni died in Iran.

1236 Iltutmish died. Raziya Sultan ascended the throne. Shaikh Moin

al-Din Chishti died.

1237 Nur al-Din Turk, accused of having Karmathian leanings, killed

in a riot inside the main mosque of Delhi.

1240 Raziya Sultan and her husband, Ikhtiyar al Din Altunia, defeated

and killed.

1246 Nasir al-Din Mahmud’s accession.

1252 Balban ousted from the position of na’ib.

1254 Balban regained his position at Nasir ul-Din Mahmud’s court.

1262 Shaikh Baha al-Din Zakarya Suhrawardi died.

1265 Shaikh Farid al-Din Ganj-shikr died.

1266 Sultan Nasir al-Din Mahmud died and Ghiyas al-Din Balban ascended

the throne in the Delhi sultanate.

1270 Nusrat al-Din Sanjar Sher Khan, Balban’s cousin, poisoned.

1276 Shaikh Hamid al-Din Nagauri died.

1281 Bughra Khan appointed by Balban to Lakhnauti.

1286 Prince Muhammad killed in a skirmish with the Mongols. Balban

died.

1290 Establishment of Khalji dynasty at Delhi by Jalal al-Din Firuz

Khalji. Malik Chajju’s revolt.

1292 Sidi Maula put to death for conspiring against Khalji rule.

1294 ‘Ali Garshasp (later Sultan ‘Ala al-Din Khalji), governor of

Kara, attacked Deogir.

1296 Sultan Jalal al-Din Khalji murdered and ‘Ala al-Din Khalji ascended

the throne.

1297 Gujarat annexed to the Delhi sultanate.

1298 Mongols led by Kutlugh Khan repulsed.

1300 Rukn al-Din Kaika’us, son of Bughra Khan, died at Lakhnauti.

1301 Akat Khan, a nephew of ‘Ala al-Din Khalji, tried unsuccessfully

to assassinate the sultan. Haji Maula, in collaboration with nobles of the

old regime, tried to capture power at Delhi but was killed in fighting.

Conquest of Ranthambhor by ‘Ala al-Din Khalji.

1303 Conquest of Chitor by ‘Ala al-Din Khalji.

1305 Annexation of Malwa to Delhi sultanate.

1310–1311 Malik Kafur’s campaign in south India.

1316 ‘Ala al-Din Khalji died. Malik Kafur killed by paiks. Qutb al-

Din Khalji ascended the throne.

1320 Qutb al-Din Mubarak Khalji killed. Khusrau Shah overthrown.

Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq ascended the throne.

1325 Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq’s death. Shaikh Nizam al-Din Auliya’s

death. Amir Khusrau’s death. Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s accession.

1327 Transfer of the capital to Daulatabad. Mongols led by Tarmashirin

repulsed.

1328 Baha al-Din Garshasp executed.

1329 Issuance of a token currency.

CHRONOLOGY • xix.

1333 Ibn Battuta reached Delhi.

1335 Shaikh Rukn al-Din Suhrawardi died.

1336 Establishment of Vijayanagar Empire.

1337 Amir Hasan Sijzi died.

1339 Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah, sultan of Madurai, died.

1339–1341 Temporary capital at Swargadwari.

1340 Embassy to Abbasid caliph then residing at Cairo.

1340–1341 Revolt by ‘Ain ul-Mulk in Awadh.

1342 Shah Mir, founder of the sultanate of Kashmir, died.

1342–1347 Revolts by nobles in Multan, Gujarat, Malwa, and Deccan.

1347 Establishment of Bahmani kingdom.

1351 Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s death. Firuz Shah Tughlaq’s accession.

Khwaja Jahan Ahmad bin Ayaz put to death by Firuz Shah.

1352 Establishment of Ilyas Shahi dynasty in Bengal.

1355 Vijayanagar ruler Hari Hara died.

1356 Shaikh Nasir al-Din Mahmud Chiragh Dehli died.

c. 1357 Historian Ziya’ Barani died.

1359 ‘Ala al-Din Hasan Shah Bahmani died.

1377 Vijayanagar ruler Bukka I died.

1378 ‘Ala al-Din Bahmani II died. ‘Imad al-Mulk Bashir, the ‘ariz-i

mamalik, died.

1388 Firuz Shah Tughlaq died.

1394 Mahmud Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne.

1398 Timur’s invasion.

1399 Malik Sarwar, founder of Sharqi dynasty, died. Malik Raja

Faruqi, founder of the kingdom of Khandesh, died.

1400 Ibrahim Shah Sharqi ascended the throne.

1401 Dilawar Khan Ghauri declared sultan of Malwa.

1403 Tatar Khan, son of Zafar Khan, declared himself independent

ruler of Gujarat.

1404 Ruler of Vijayanagar Harihara II died. Deva Raya I succeeded to

Vijayanagar throne. Mahmud Khalji’s accession to the throne in Malwa.

1407 Zafar Khan declared himself sultan of Gujarat with the title

Muzaffar Shah. War between Bahmani kingdom and Vijayanagar.

1411 Muzaffar Shah I of Gujarat died. Accession of Sultan Ahmad

Shah I in Gujarat.

1412 Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, last emperor of the line, died.

1414 Khizr Khan, founder of the Saiyid dynasty, established his control

at Delhi.

1415 Raja Ganesh captured power in the kingdom of Bengal.

1417 Kashmiri ruler Sikander Shah died.

1418 Raja Ganesh died and succeeded by his son.

1420 Italian traveler Nicolao Conti arrived at Vijayanagar. Firuz Shah

Bahmani beaten back by Vijayanagar forces.

1421 Saiyid ruler Khizr Khan died.

1422 Firuz Shah Bahmani died.

1429 Bahmani capital shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar.

1432 Sultan Hoshang Shah of Malwa died.

1433 Sisodiya ruler Rana Kumbha ascended the throne in Mewar.

1434 Second Saiyid ruler of Delhi, Mubarak Shah, died.

1435 Sultan Ahmad Shah Bahmani died.

1437 Saiyid ruler of Delhi, Muhammad Shah, married his daughter to Ibrahim Sharqi’s son. Rana Kumbha defeated Mahmud Khalji of

Malwa at Sarangpur. Kumbha built a victory tower at Chitor.

1440 Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi died.

1442 ‘Abd ul-Razzaq came to Vijayanagar. Restoration of Ilyas Shahi

dynasty in Bengal.

1448 Ramanand the bhakti, saint, died.

1449 Deva Raya II of Vijayanagar died.

1453 Mahmud Gavan joined Bahmani service.

1458 Rathor chief Raja Jodha founded Jodhpur in Marwar. Sultan Husian

Sharqi ascended the throne.

1459 Rukn al-Din Barbak Shah’s accession in Bengal. Mahmud Begarha

ascended the throne in Gujarat.

1466 Murder of Khwaja-e Jahan and end of regency in the Bahmani

kingdom. Rise of Mahmud Gavan to power. Conflict between the Bahmanis

and the sultanate of Malwa.

1473 Mahmud Gavan’s reforms in the Bahmani kingdom. Sultan Zain

al-‘Abidin of Kashmir died.

1474 Shams al-Din Yusuf ascended the throne in Bengal.

1476 Last ruler of Saiyid dynasty, ‘Ala al-Din ‘Alam Shah, died at

Badaun.

1481 Mahmud Gavan executed.

1482 Shihab al-Din Mahmud ascended the throne in Bahmani kingdom.

1484 Mahmud Begarha annexed Champanir.

1486 Chaitanya born. Uprising in Telingana and conflict between

Bahmanis and Vijayanagar.

c. 1487 Rise of a new dynasty under Narasimha Saluva in Viajayanagar.

1489 Sultan Bahlul Lodi died. Raja Jodha of Marwar died.

1492 Bhakt Kabir Das died.

1493 ‘Ala al-Din Husain Shah, founder of the Saiyid dynasty of Bengal,

ascended the throne.

1498 Vasco da Gama reached Calicut.

1505 Ousted sultan of Jaunpur, Husain Shah Sharqi, died.

1508 Portuguese defeated by a joint naval force of Mamluks and several

Indian states near Chaul.

1509 Accession of Krishna Deva Raya in Vijayanagar.

1513 Gujarat sultan, Mahmud Begarha, died.

1517 Demise of Sikandar Lodi and accession of Ibrahim Lodi. Rana

Sanga went to help Medni Rai in Malwa.

1519 ‘Ala al-Din Husain Shah of Bengal died.

1520 ‘Azam Humayun and several other senior nobles of Ibrahim

Lodi killed in a contrived explosion. Rana Sanga advanced up to Ahmadabad.

1524 Muzaffar Shah II of Gujarat besieged Chitor.

1525 Rana Sanga defeated a Lodi detachment at Ghalote.

1526 Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat.

1527 Rana Sanga and allies defeated by Babur at Kanwa.

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